I think there's evidence that you can take NAD precursors, NR and NMN being the two most common, and increase NAD levels ... I think what's not been demonstrated is there is any phenotypic benefit from doing that outside of very pathological states. In other words, if you take a quote 'normal person,' a normal aging person, and do that, is it bringing any benefit to them in terms of lifespan or healthspan? I would say the answer right now is no.